www.bbcnoun.com.ng 10/10 Which year did Porter cited that "the firm immediate competitive environment can be determined using the model of competitive rivalry"? 1980 …………… can be referred or concerned with cost reduction by first making a detailed study of the functions of such element in a process with view to economising Value Analysis In 1984, Johnson and …………... classify environment as: simple, static, dynamic and complex. Scholes CAD and …………… are manufacturing system which focus on interface between design and product CAM ……………. can be described as transforming pure and basic research into profitable use Industrial Research …………. Can be referred as a legal device which enables the holder to maintain a monopoly in an invention for a stated period Patents ……………. defines management as “the process by which cooperative group directs actions toward uncommon goals Massie Which year did Needle quoted that "is of the opion that strategy will not work without the support of the rest of the organisation" 1994 …………… can be described as all human activity that is socially transmitted also It is highly complex and interacts with business Culture Any product that has a limited time during which it passes through series of stages or phases is known as Product Life-Cycle