actus reus is called …… criminal act Criminal ………... is held to reflect accurately the incidence of crime in society statistics ………. research involves the use of standardized questionnaires Survey Knowledge of the ……………... contributes to a sound understanding of criminology CJS Traditionally, crime is conceived of as a ………….. phenomenon lower-class ………….. is the study of the management and punishment of criminals Penology Criminological……... is focused on violatiors rather than those who make and enforce it theory modern realities redefined prisons as …………services correctional criminal state of mind is also referred to as ……….. mens rea ………….. is a modern authority on punshiment Moberly