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[ESM421] Bearing is the angular direction measured  _____starting from North with reference to the observer.
clockwise

[ESM421] _____ is a pre-field work and measurement phase
Reconnaissance survey

[ESM421] _____ with the compass involves taking the bearing along a series of connecting straight lines and in the same time measuring the distances with the tape.
Traversing

[ESM421] The reference  North  may be true or  _____
magnetic

[ESM421] _____is an optical instrument used to take offsets at right angles from the chain lines.
Optical Squares

[ESM421] _____ survey depicts the hills, valleys, mountains, rives, and man made features (roads, houses, settlements on the surface of the earth.
Topographic

[ESM421] _____ survey is suitable on an open and well level piece of land with non-simple details; where large scale plans/maps are need and, where the area is small in extent.
Chain

[ESM421] In_____horizontal angular measurements are made using magnetic compass with the linear measurements made using the chain or jape.
Compass Surveyre

[ESM421] _____ surveying is survey in a small extent hence the earth’s surface is assumed to be a plane and the curvature of the earth is ignored.
Plane

[ESM421] The act of establishing the elevation of points on or below the surface of the earth is called  _____
distraction errors