MCQ1: The Early Warming Systems (EWS) entail Answer: All of the options MCQ2: A competitive approach to conflict resolution between parties is generally considered ___. Answer: destructive MCQ3: Failure to make sacrifices results in the ___ of conflict once the initial efforts at resolution fails Answer: intensification MCQ4: _______ lays down the minimum protection and standards applicable to situations where people are most vulnerable in armed conflict Answer: International Humanitarian law MCQ5: With what means do you understand the other party's objectives Answer: Negotiation MCQ6: The Oslo Accords in 1993 was achieved through _______ strategy Answer: Communication-facilitation strategies MCQ7: When is mediation likely to be successful? Answer: When parties appear most amenable to change MCQ8: International Court of Justice is situated in _______. Answer: Hague MCQ9: __________ simply aimed at ending a dispute as quickly and amicably as possible without considering the root cause of conflict. Answer: Dispute Settlement MCQ10: Competitive conflict styles are synonymous with? Answer: Zero-sum game MCQ11: Cooperative and competitive approaches are processes of Answer: Conflict Resolution MCQ12: A conflict is said to be _____when parties wish to countenance any further losses and are prepared to enter into a settlement Answer: Ripe for resolution MCQ13: Conflict management correctly assumes that conflicts are ____processes that often cannot be quickly resolved. Answer: Long term MCQ14: Social conflict is a natural occurrence between humans who are involved in _____ Answer: relationships MCQ15: Which of these factors may not pose a serious constraint on any mediation effort? Answer: Resources and persistence MCQ16: International Humanitarian Law lays down the minimum protection and standards applicable to situations where people are most _____ in armed conflict. Answer: Vulnerable MCQ17: Which model of conflict handling suggests that the destructive consequences of a conflict can be modified or transformed so that self-images, relationships, and social structures improve as a result of conflict instead of being harmed by it. Answer: Conflict transformation MCQ18: In conflict resolution listening is the hero of_________ Answer: good communication MCQ19: The difference between conciliation and arbitration is ________ Answer: that conciliation has no legal standing but arbitration is based on legality MCQ20: Win-lose outcome of dispute resolution means Answer: only one side gets what it desires MCQ21: Strategies that could be used for conflict resolution include conciliation, mediation, arbitration and _____ Answer: litigation MCQ22: In the simplest terms, negotiation means Answer: A discussion between two or more disputants who are trying to work out a solution to their problem MCQ23: Effective peace-building also requires _____ partnerships in addressing conflict and greater coordination among the various actors Answer: Public – Private MCQ24: The conciliator usually has no authority to seek evidence or call ___ Answer: witness MCQ25: _______ is the body of customary and conventional rules or moral code of states which are considered legally binding by civilized states in their intercourse with each other Answer: International Law MCQ26: Which is the full meaning of WTO Answer: World Trade Organisation MCQ27: Facilitation and _______ strategies are the most powerful form of intervention Answer: Relational MCQ28: The first phase of the early warning process is ___ Answer: Gathering of information MCQ29: Women have successfully formed their own political party and raised the profile of women in politics in __________ Answer: Northern Ireland MCQ30: Pacifism means Answer: don't settle conflicts with violence MCQ31: Find some middle ground and "work out an agreement to a conflict is Answer: compromise MCQ32: The ___________element of early warning as a process entails the analysis and interpretation of the information gathered Answer: third MCQ33: Conflicts are Answer: genuine MCQ34: In which country did the government and the UNITA rebels provided 13 separate amnesties for each other Answer: Angola MCQ35: When conflict parties are tired of hostilities and seek solution to a conflict, it is said to be Answer: De-escalating MCQ36: Women have successfully formed their own political party and raised the profile of women in politics in __________ Answer: Northern Ireland MCQ37: The third party is also a skill of resolving conflict it is focused on the manner in which small groups resolve conflicts, problem-solving discussion between unofficial representative of parties’ communities, state or groups engaged in protracted social conflict Answer: consultation MCQ38: _____ is a process in which a neutral third party assists two or more parties in order to help them negotiate an agreement on a matter of common interest Answer: Mediation MCQ39: Towards the end of the 20th Century there was genocide in Rwanda and ___ in these African civil wars Answer: Burundi MCQ40: To achieve complete resolution of a conflict, it requires making significant changes that restructure the following institutional structures of the society except Answer: Ecological changes MCQ41: Choose the one that does not belong to the three main strategies or techniques being used by mediators to intervene in a conflict situation Answer: Directive strategies MCQ42: Which meditative strategy adopts threats of withdrawals Answer: Directive strategies MCQ43: All but one of the following are essentials elements to be found in a complete conflict prevention planning and decision cycle as espoused by Michael Lund Answer: Extraction of information by force MCQ44: All but one of the following organisations is not international one Answer: NUT MCQ45: Through the instrumentalities of the_____, at least, the voices of women can now be heard of what they went through (for those who can tell the story), and how they will like to be compensated ( not that compensation will heal the wounds) during wars Answer: International Human Rights Tribunals MCQ46: The four Geneva Conventions of ___ and their additional protocols of 1977 contain many children Answer: 1979 MCQ47: Identify the group that is not part of peace-building agents. Answer: Belligerents, insurgents, militias MCQ48: The Early Warming Systems (EWS) entail Answer: All of the options MCQ49: The UN High Commission for Refugees adopted a policy on older-persons in Answer: 2002 MCQ50: __________ are third-person interveners who get involved in conflict resolution endeavour Answer: Mediators FBQ1: Conflict resolution requires identifying the ____ factors behind the conflict, and finding ways to deal with them. Answer: Causal FBQ2: The underlying causes of conflict are embedded in the institutional structure of ____ Answer: Society FBQ3: Conflict usually transforms perception by accentuating the differences between ______ and position. Answer: Interest FBQ4: _______ is a form of legal alternative to litigation. Answer: Arbitration FBQ5: The two most basic orientations when people enter into negotiations are ­­­____ and competitive Answer: Cooperative FBQ6: Communication – facilitation, procedural and directive strategies are three main strategies of ________. Answer: Arbitration FBQ7: Disputants that work cooperatively to negotiate a solution are morelikely to develop a relationship of ____ Answer: trust FBQ8: The resources required for mediating conflicts are resources, persistence, experience and ______ Answer: Commitment FBQ9: Good ___________ demands that both parties take turns in speaking and listening. Answer: Communication FBQ10: Competitive approaches to negotiation tend to result in __ outcomes Answer: Win-loose FBQ11: Conflict ____ as opposed to other forms of conflict handling reflects a better understanding of the nature of conflict itself Answer: transformation FBQ12: Mediation is likely to be more successful when parties appear most amenable to_____ Answer: Change FBQ13: ___________bargaining is also known as Unity-based bargaining Answer: Integrative FBQ14: ______ is a process whereby the parties to a dispute agree to utilize the services of a conciliator Answer: conciliation FBQ15: In conflict resolution listening is the hero of good_________ Answer: Communication FBQ16: Michael ____ outlines the five essential elements to be found in a complete conflict prevention planning and decision cycle. Answer: Lund FBQ17: Information tools are the basic building blocks of ____ Answer: Early warning FBQ18: The _____dimension of peace-building activity is one of the activities geared towards examining the root causes of conflict Answer: group FBQ19: Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform" was conceived in the year ____ Answer: 1997 FBQ20: _________ is the body of customary and conventional rules or moral code of states which are considered legally binding by civilized states in their intercourse with each other Answer: International Law FBQ21: Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is a term generally used to refer to _____ dispute resolution processes Answer: informal FBQ22: _____ is informal dispute resolution processes in which parties meet with a professional third party who helps them resolve their dispute in a way that is less formal and often more consensual than is done in the courts Answer: arbitration FBQ23: Arbitration and _______ are now being used to settle employee/employer industrial dispute that often seem intractable Answer: Mediation FBQ24: ADR processes are based on an integrative approach and are morecooperative and less ____ than adversarial court-based methods like litigation. Answer: competitive FBQ25: The _______ element of Early Warning System entails sharing the gathered information Answer: Second FBQ26: The spoken word is heavily influenced by expression, intonation, or __ language. Answer: body FBQ27: The challenge with all nonverbal behavior is to interpret it ____. Answer: Accurately   FBQ28: Ellery C. Stowell in his writing in the year _____ defined “International Law” as embodying certain rules relating to human relations throughout the world, which are generally observed by mankind and enforced primacy through the agency of the government of the independent community into which humanity is divided Answer: 1931 FBQ29: Alternative Dispute Resolution Processes was first adopted as a means of dispute resolution in _______________ Answer: The United States of America FBQ30: __________ Law is the law of maritime commerce. Answer: Admiralty FBQ31: International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes is the most important organ under the ------------- Answer: World Trade Organization dispute settlement FBQ32: Conflict ______ is a conflict handling style that compels the disputing parties to be directed or controlled. Answer: management FBQ33: Three sources of international law are treaties, _____ and general principles of law. Answer: custom FBQ34: There are ____ basic standards of international law: Answer: ten FBQ35: Humanitarian Principles entail alleviating the suffering of human being, neutrality and ____ Answer: impartiality FBQ36: Generally, from the perspective of Standard International Law, the rape of women is considered an act of ___ Answer: torture FBQ37: Multilateral Preventive Actions is being coordinated by the __ to implement the Early Warning Early Response Mechanism across the globe Answer: United Nations FBQ38: Interest-based bargaining is also called____________ Answer: Integrative bargaining FBQ39: The experience has been that whereas women and ___ suffer most during wars Answer: children FBQ40: Throughout history, men have designed Constitutions and women have been ____ Answer: invincible FBQ41: Communication requires at least ________ parties Answer: Two FBQ42: “Women, War, and Peace,” an independent experts’ assessment” was written by Elisabeth Rehn and Ellen John Sir ___ Answer: Leaf FBQ43: From 1995 to ___, Angola was the site of the world’s largest UNpeacekeeping operation Answer: 1998 FBQ44: __________is one of the key causes of the changes that occur during negotiation. Answer: Mutual adjustment FBQ45: __________ build/s trust with the parties by ensuring that the parties understand the mediation process Answer: Mediators FBQ46: Everyone is entitled to _________ protection of the law, without discrimination on any grounds and especially against violence or threat Answer: equal FBQ47: Under President __ of the United States, women’s issues were given a place at the top of the agenda in the efforts in Afghanistan as the full participation of women at the political conference in Bonn. Answer: Bush FBQ48: With ___________ leaders, mediation in conflicts is more likely to be unsuccessful. Answer: Competing FBQ49: Amnesty means forgiveness for atrocities or ___ committed Answer: crimes FBQ50: The Oslo Accords was achieved in year _______ Answer: 1993