FBQ1: The idea that criminals are born and have specific physical characteristics that predict criminality was propounded by ____________  Answer: Cesare Lombroso FBQ2: __________ is the believe that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks.  Answer: Atavism FBQ3: _________ attributed crimes to body types  Answer: William Sheldon FBQ4: _____________ concluded that crime was inherited much in the same way as ordinary physical traits and features.  Answer: Charles Gooring FBQ5: ____________ crimes are offences that persons commit while acting in their legitimate jobs and professions  Answer: White Collar Crimes FBQ6: __________ are consensual acts (in which people are willing participants) and violations in which only the perpetrator is hurt, such as the personal use of illegal drugs, are called victimless crimes  Answer: Victimless Crimes FBQ7: _____________ refers to the unlawful activities of members of criminal organisations that supply illegal goods and services. Answer: Organised Crimes FBQ8: ____________encompasses a range of offences connected with the use, transportation, purchase, and sale of illegal drugs. Answer: Drug Crimes FBQ9: The first contact an individual has is usually with the _______  Answer: Police FBQ10: The _______________ consists of law enforcement (police), courts, prosecutors, defense attorneys and corrections. Answer: Criminal justice system FBQ11: The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in ___________ under King Louis XIV in France Answer: 1667 FBQ12: The term ____________is often used to refer to a juvenile who commits a minor criminal act Answer: Juvenile Delinquent FBQ13: A __________ is one who fails to do that which is required by law or by duty when such failure is minor in nature.  Answer: Delinquent FBQ14: ____________ theory explains offenders are motivated by rational self-interest. Answer: Rational choice theory FBQ15: ­­­­___________ theory holds that crime is caused by the difficulty those in poverty have in achieving socially valued goals by legitimate means. Answer: Strain theory FBQ16: Those who buy into a system of socially approved means, but lose sight of the goals. Merton believed that drug users are in this category according to R. K. Merton are   Answer: Ritualists FBQ17: Merton referred to individuals who accept socially approved goals, but not necessarily the socially approved means as ________  Answer: Innovation FBQ18: The strain theory is associated mainly with the work of _____________  Answer: R. K. Merton FBQ19: Those who negate socially approved goals and means by creating a new system of acceptable goals and means according to Merton are _________   Answer: Rebellions FBQ20: The differential association theory was postulated by _________  Answer: Edwin Sutherland FBQ21: __________ states that once young people have been labelled as criminal, they are more likely to offend Answer: Labelling theory FBQ22: The Juvenile justice system was established by Jan in _______ in _______ Answer: 1868 / Chicago FBQ23: The juvenile justice system is a byproduct of the ________ Answer: Progressive Era FBQ24: ___________ is the scientific study of victimisation, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system Answer: Victimology FBQ25: The_____________ theory posits that the location and context of the crime gets the victim of the crime and the perpetrator of that crime together. Answer: Environmental theory FBQ26: Victim facilitation finds its roots in the works of ___________ Answer: Marvin Wolfgang FBQ27: The idea behind _________ is to study the elements that make a victim more accessible or vulnerable to an attack. Answer: Victim facilitation FBQ28: __________ is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and victim of a crime. Answer: Penal Couple FBQ29: ________ refers to information recorded by agencies on their administrative systems Answer: Administrative data FBQ30: ________ refers to those criminal offences that have been reported to or detected by police, and subsequently recorded by them. Answer: Police data FBQ31: __________ is the most widely sourced administrative data   Answer: Police data FBQ32: ____ is one of the three major ways of measuring involvement in delinquent and criminal behavior  Answer: The self-report technique FBQ33: _________ refers to the extent to which crime figures are correct representation of actual criminality or a reflection of the true situation of crime in a given area. Answer: Validity FBQ34: _______ is the extent to which the crime figures are the result of a consistent measure of the same phenomenon from village to village, town to town and State to State Answer: Relability FBQ35: ___________ is the extent to which the crime figures contribute to the knowledge of crime, improving the understanding, and providing enough information for projection and planning for the future. Answer: Utility FBQ36: ________ is "the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear (Byran, 2009).  Answer: Robbery FBQ37: The word “rob” is from the German origin, from the word ________  Answer: Raub FBQ38: ____ is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force  Answer: Carjacking FBQ39: ____ involves use of a weapon, and aggravated robbery involving use of a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon  Answer: Armed robbery FBQ40: “House job” is slang _________ Answer: Armed robbery (usually of homes and organisations) FBQ41: ___________is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer not to do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. Answer: Extortion FBQ42: __________ is defined as, "unlawful entry into a structure to commit a felony or theft (Glick, 2005)." Answer: Burglary FBQ43: _________refers to professional shoplifting, cargo theft, retail crime rings, DVD and VCD piracy and other organised crime occurring in retail environments. Answer: Organised retail crime FBQ44: Someone who carries out an act of or makes a career of theft is known as a __________ Answer: Thief FBQ45: In criminal law, __________ is the taking away or transportation of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority. Answer: Kidnapping FBQ46: __________as defined by common law, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent (or malice aforethought). Answer: Murder FBQ47: _____________ occurs when the defendant kills with malice aforethought (intention to kill or cause serious harm), but there are mitigating circumstances which reduce culpability. Answer: Voluntary manslaughter FBQ48: _____________is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought. Answer: Involuntary manslaughter FBQ49: Involuntary manslaughter is distinguished from voluntary manslaughter by the absence of_________.  Answer: Intention FBQ50: _____________is also referred to as ‘unlawful act’ manslaughter Answer: Constructive manslaughter MCQ1: Crime is a breach of a rule or __________? Answer: Law MCQ2: Informal relationships and sanctions have been deemed insufficient to create and maintain a desired __________? Answer: Social order MCQ3: A person who fails to do that which is required by law or by duty when such failure is minor in nature is called a/an_______ Answer: Delinquent MCQ4: ALL but One are the reasons for delinquency Answer: Quality education MCQ5: According to Graham & Bowling (1995), Family factors which may have an influence on offending includes ALL except Answer: Pro bono MCQ6: _________is a mental or psychological impairment or retardation.  Answer: Insanity MCQ7: A situation where people are relieved of criminal responsibility based on the fact that they only acted in defence of their person or property. Answer: Self defence MCQ8: The argument that rests on the assumption that someone who is insane at the time of a crime lacks the capacity, or has diminished capacity, to act in a premeditated manner is known as ________  Answer: Mental disorder defence MCQ9: A situation where people are generally considered either not responsible or less responsible for their crimes if they were trapped or induced into committing them, by a law enforcement officer or by someone acting as an agent of Law Enforcement is known as __________  Answer: Entrapment MCQ10: The reason why people are not held legally responsible for acting in self-defence or in defence of a third party, is that, due to extenuating circumstances, they do not act with ________ (Bohn & Haley, 2002) Answer: Mens rea MCQ11: A person may be excluded from criminal liability if he was forced or coerced to commit a crime. Such a person would be tagged to have acted under ____? Answer: Duress MCQ12: ___________is a programme of standardised sample surveys to look at householders’ experience with crime, policing, crime prevention and feelings of unsafety in a large number of countries. Answer: International Crime Victim Survey MCQ13: According to Karman (2003), one of the criticism of the ICVS is that _____ Answer: Respondents’ information are not verified MCQ14:  Which of these is not a component of the Criminal Justice System? Answer: Federal Government MCQ15: Juvenile justice agencies are intended to operate within the________? Answer: Rule of law MCQ16: The first contact an offender has with the criminal justice system isusually with the __________? Answer: Police MCQ17: The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­_____________ Answer: 1667 MCQ18: Where and when do modern police usually trace their origins to the 1800 establishment of the MarinePolice in London, Answer: Marine police in London, 1800 MCQ19: Presently, the _______has also been empowered by the Nigerian government to engage in policing activities. Answer: Civil Defence Corp MCQ20: The focus of the juvenile justice system is to _________ ? Answer: Rehabilitate juveniles MCQ21: All except one are needed in the juvenile court setting. Answer: Comptroller of prison MCQ22: The __________states that crimes against humanity are particularly odious offences in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings. Answer: Rome Statute Explanatory Memorandum MCQ23: ICC stands for _____________? Answer: International Criminal Court MCQ24: In 2002, the ICC was established in __________? Answer: The Hague (Netherlands) MCQ25: Which of the below is correct? Answer: Crime cannot be wiped away totally MCQ26: People needs_________ to ensure they comply with the laws, and other policies and practices designed to prevent crime Answer: Police MCQ27: Not all breaches of the law are considered crimes. Answer: True MCQ28: A Latin word which refers to criminal action or inaction that causes harm is called ___________? Answer: Actus reus MCQ29: A Latin word that refers to a criminal intent or a guilty state of mind is known as ____________? Answer: Mens rea MCQ30:  The concept that gives certain people legal excuse or defence against criminal responsibility based on their age is __________? Answer: Under-age MCQ31: ______ is a process where the criminal act must lead directly to harm without a long delay Answer: Causation MCQ32: For any behaviour to be considered a crime there must be a statutory provision for a punishment or at least the threat of punishment. Answer: True MCQ33: A/an ________definition of crime views crime as deviant behaviour that violates prevailing norms, specifically, cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave. Answer: Normative MCQ34: Laws that define crimes which violate social norms are set by legislatures, and are called ___________? Answer: Mala-prohibita MCQ35: Laws that are nearly universally outlawed, such as murder, theft andrape are called ___________? Answer: Mala in se MCQ36: According to statistics, which gender is more predisposed to commit more crime? Answer: Male MCQ37: NDLEA means __________ Answer: National Drug Law Enforcement Agency MCQ38: EFCC means __________? Answer: Economic & Financial Crimes Commission MCQ39: The relationship between perpetrator and victim of a crime is called _______. Answer: Victimology MCQ40: ________ is the scientific study of victimisation, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system. Answer: Victimology MCQ41: Victims of white collar crime are often denied their status as victims by the social construction of the concept. This assertion was made by___ Answer: Croall (2001) MCQ42: There are majorly how many types of victimisation surveys? Answer: 2 MCQ43: A survey of a whole country in which people are asked to provide information on crimes which have been perpetrated against them is called ___________? Answer: National survey MCQ44: When a specific (usually inner city) neighbourhood is targeted and criminologists or sociologists engage in a more detailed study of the same issues. This type of survey is __________ Answer: Area or neighbourhood survey MCQ45: _____ is used to obtain data on the extent of criminal victimisation Answer: Victim survey MCQ46: ________are often used to assess the effectiveness of interventions Answer: Repetition rate measures MCQ47: Counts are normally made over a _____ long reporting period Answer: Year MCQ48: ______ involve measuring the numbers of discrete victims and offenders as well as repeated victimisation rates and recidivism. Answer: More complex measures MCQ49: ________ are gathered and reported by many countries and are of interest to several international organisations, including Interpol and the United Nations. Answer: Crime statistics MCQ50: Law enforcement agencies in some countries, such as the FBI in the United States and the Home Office in England & Wales, publish crime indices, which are compilations of statistics for various types of _________ (Van der Westhuizen, 1981). Answer: Crime