FBQ1: The term ‘criminology’ is essentially concerned with the __________ of crime. Answer: scientific study FBQ2: There is no direct __________ between the detection of crime by the enforcement agents and the study of crimes and criminal behaviour carried out by the criminologists. Answer: Linkage FBQ3: Criminology is the study of crime and _____________________________ Answer: criminal behaviour FBQ4: Criminology is an _______________ field of study which analysis the aspects of a particular human behaviour. Answer: Interdisciplinary FBQ5: Penology, the study of penal ________________ or punishment Answer: Sanctions FBQ6: Victimology is the study and _____________ of the victims of crime Answer: Rehabilitation FBQ7: Criminalistics, the methods of ___________ and detection of crime, especially the job of law enforcement agencies and forensic experts Answer: Investigation FBQ8: The psychological, physiological, social as well as environmental factors are important in determining why an individual exerts ___________. Answer: criminal behaviour FBQ9: In defining criminology as an independent discipline the seventeenth and _______________understanding of crime was regarded as an omnipresent temptation to which all human kind was vulnerable. Answer: eighteenth century FBQ10: But the question was, “why some _____________and others resisted”. Answer: Succumbed FBQ11: The explanation was trailed off into the __________ resort to fate, or the will Answer: Unknowable FBQ12: Crime is a particular form of ____________________. Answer: Deviance FBQ13: Laws are the most formal of ___________ Answer: Norms FBQ14: Deviance relates to the violations of mores and ____ Answer: folkways FBQ15: the term ‘crime’ specifically refers to those behaviours that violate norms encoded in the penal code or ______________ Answer: criminal laws. FBQ16: Punishment for crime is therefore commonly harsher and more ______ than those for breakers of the folkways and mores. Answer: Formalised FBQ17: But the _______________ are not necessarily uniformly applied and the patterns of inequality are quite common. Answer: Punishments FBQ18: Durkheim divided laws into two kinds: Criminal Laws and _____________ Answer: Civil Administrative Laws FBQ19: It must be pointed out that crime is ____________ in time and place. Answer: Relative FBQ20: What is a lawful behaviour in the past may constitute a criminal behaviour due to ______________social, economic and political factors. Answer: Changing FBQ21: Emile Durkheim (1893) said that crime is as a result of a necessary consequence of the existence of a collectively supported_____________ Answer: Morality FBQ22: Crime can be seen as a necessary part of every social order because any social order needs a ______________ supported morality Answer: Collectively FBQ23: Durkheim uses laws as an indicator of_______________________ Answer: moral norms FBQ24: A violation of criminal laws constitutes a violation of the____________, since it is understood that a person who violates a society’s law invites society’s anger and must be disciplined Answer: Collective conscience FBQ25: A violation of criminal law calls for punishment, but a violation of a civil law requires ________________of the victim by the offender. Answer: Compensation FBQ26: “An ___________does not shock the common conscience because it is criminal; rather it is criminal because it shocks the common conscience. Answer: Action FBQ27: Civil and __________laws represent a lesser expression of collective conscience in view of the nature of the consequences that flow from them Answer: administrative FBQ28: Crime is an act or omission defined by law and unless the elements specified by case law or ______________are present and proven beyond a reasonable doubt there may be no finding of a “crime” and a person may not be convicted of a crime. Answer: statutory FBQ29: Criminal laws call for ­­­­__________whereas civil laws seek to restore parties to their status quo ante. Answer: Retribution FBQ30: Durkheim found that the proportion of the two types of law changes as societies move from mechanical to_____________________ Answer: organic solidarity FBQ31: Societies with _______________are noted for higher proportion of penal or retributive laws Answer: mechanical solidarity FBQ32: But as the _______________increases and as society becomes integrated by organic solidarity Answer: Division of Labour FBQ33: Mechanical solidarity is ______with a society with little Division of Labour Answer: Associated FBQ34: Societies with high Division of Labour are bound by ________________ Answer: organic solidarity FBQ35: __________ to act is not a crime unless there is a duty to act; a mere moral duty to act would not suffice Answer: Failure FBQ36: ___________ defined law as an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law (statutory and case law) committed without defence or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor. Answer: Paul Tappan FBQ37: A person may not be punished for his or her ______________. Answer: Thoughts FBQ38: Words may tantamount to an act as in treason, aiding or abetting. But to think about community a crime is not ______________ Answer: Punishable FBQ39: Folkways, mores and law are three elements of____________ Answer: social norms FBQ40: Social norms are concrete behavioural rules or guidelines that specify appropriate and ______________ behaviour. Answer: inappropriate FBQ41: Values are the abstract, general concepts, ___________or ideas that provide a standard by which norms are judged. Answer: central beliefs FBQ42: Values are thus widely held ………….for the maintenance of social order Answer: Beliefs FBQ43: ______________see the breakdown of social norms as the underlying cause of social problems Answer: Sociologists FBQ44: If people deviate from the social norms and values, they create disharmony to the ______________, and definitely, they should be labeled “criminals”. Answer: social structure FBQ45: Marijuna, a type of the ____________ is locally called eegbo, wee-wee, kaya or stone Answer: Cannabis sativa FBQ46: Formalised principles of law are normally enforced through the formal agencies of _____________ Answer: social control FBQ47: In Nigeria, there are customary laws backed with. Answer: formal sanctions FBQ48: The practices include the proscription of __________in public places. Answer: Nudity FBQ49: ____________ represent formalised norms that may derive from folkways or mores Answer: Laws FBQ50: laws are the Folkways and __________deemed so vital to dominant interests that they become translated into written, legal formalisations that even non-members of the society are required to obey Answer: mores MCQ1: Mores are strongly held norms whose violation would seriously offend the standards of _________________. Answer: acceptable conduct MCQ2: The full meaning of EFCC is _______________________________ Answer: Economic and Financial Crime Commission MCQ3: _________________ used the term folkways to designate a society’s customs for routine or causal interactions. Answer: William Graham Summer (1959) MCQ4: The violation of ___________is generally not considered as serious within a particular culture. Answer: folkways MCQ5: The principal characteristics are that folkways are fairly weak normssometimes called __________ which are passed down from the past. Answer: “conventions” MCQ6: ______are reactions that convey approval or disapproval of behaviour Answer: Sanctions MCQ7: Amongst the Yoruba’s, you are not to have a handshake with the Oba but should instead ____________before him Answer: prostrate MCQ8: Sanctions imposed on the violation of folkways are often relatively mild expressions of _______________ Answer: reprimand MCQ9: An example of ____________ is the rule that forbids eating without having a mouth wash particularly in the morning. Answer: folkway MCQ10: folkways are the least important norms which involve in everyday ____________routines Answer: conventional MCQ11: Crime is defined relative to laws, and varies from society to society or omission, from state to state, from time to time, and from strict __________ to none. Answer: enforcement MCQ12: __________________argues that crime is a category which can be defined only by reference to the specific social norms and values of the society in which it occurs.  Answer: Emile Durkheim MCQ13: The violation of law in which there are no readily apparent victim such as prostitution, gambling, vagrancy, purchasing illegal drugs like cannabis or marijuana comes under _________________  Answer: victimless crimes MCQ14: Common crimes committed in industrial societies, including robbery, burglary and larceny are classified as ______________________ Answer: property crimes MCQ15: ______________involve threat of violence, include murder, manslaughter, infanticide, Assault, sexual Assault, Abduction and robbery. Answer: violent crimes MCQ16: Technically, crime is composed of two elements: _________and _________ Answer: the act itself and criminal intent MCQ17: ________weigh the degree of intent in determining the seriousness of a crime and may find the person who kills another guilty of first-degree murder, second-degree murder, or manslaughter. Answer: Juries MCQ18: According to _____________, criminal law is a branch of public law which deals with the relationship between members of the public and the state.  Answer: Curzon (1973) MCQ19: ____________ spells out clearly the trial and punishment of offenders. Answer: Criminal Law MCQ20: The criminal laws are usually __________ by the political authority, e.g. the national or state assembly. Answer: enacted MCQ21: Criminal laws are usually_________________ in regard to those behaviours that are termed as deviant and at the same time in which conditions such behaviour may not be regarded as crime Answer: Specific MCQ22: Criminal law as an instrument of rule of law, it is expected to apply to__________irrespective of class, sex, ethnicity and religious or politicalaffiliation. Answer: all persons MCQ23: Any law that does not prescribe a punishment for its violation should not be regarded as a ____________ Answer: criminal law MCQ24: The common law developed in England after the introduction of ________  Answer: Feudalism MCQ25: It was in the law that crime was not seen as an act against the whole society, therefore ______________was paid to the victim rather than the state.  Answer: compensation MCQ26: A major objective of criminal law is the ____________ and ____________. Answer: prevention and control of crime Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 26: ___________are standards that define the obligatory and expected behaviours of people in various situations Answer: Norms MCQ27: ___________are standards that define the obligatory and expected behaviours of people in various situations Answer: Norms MCQ28: When people’s expectations of behaviour are suddenly violated, they experience ____________ (Neubeck, 2005).  Answer: culture shock MCQ29: ____________ is the social processes by which norms and values become thoroughly ingrained and are largely unquestioned as ways of thinking and acting “normally” Answer: Internalisation MCQ30: Members fall cultures develop mechanisms for _______________ Answer: internalisation MCQ31: When socialisation fails to produce the desired behaviour mechanisms/traits, “social control” comes in to enforce ____________. Answer: conformity MCQ32: The negative sanctions, or punishments, meted out to violators of norms vary in severity depending on the type of norm being ______________. Answer: transgressed MCQ33: Law is a body of rules of conduct prescribed by an authority with binding legal force, the ____________of which may attract punishment. Answer: violation MCQ34: Law is a term derived from the Anglo-Saxon word, ______meaning to determine. Answer: ‘lagu’ MCQ35: Salmond, for example, defined law as ‘the body of principles recognised and applied by the state for the ___________of justice’ Answer: administration MCQ36: ____________defined law as ‘a set of rules imposed and enforced by a society with regard to the attribution and exercise of power over persons and things’ Answer: Vinogradoff MCQ37: Pound defined law as a means of ‘social control through the systematic application of the forces of__________ organised society Answer: politically MCQ38: Austin defined law as ‘a rule ____________ for the guidance of individuals by the individuals with power over them Answer: laid down MCQ39: A criminal is a person who has violated the criminal law of the land and has been found guilty by a ____________________and punished accordingly. Answer: court of law MCQ40: _______________is a violation of norms of the land. Answer: deviance MCQ41: Crime is a particular form of ______________ Answer: deviance MCQ43: The punishments for crime are commonly harsh and more_____________. Answer: formalised MCQ44: Criminology is simply a science of _________________. Answer: crime MCQ45: The fundamental focus of criminology is to ________ the criminal behaviour Answer: . ascertain MCQ46: __________________.deals with an important aspect of the criminal justice process, that is, punishment, correction, prevention and control of crime Answer: Penology MCQ47: maxim nulla poena sine lege means__________________________________.. Answer: there is hardly any law without punishment MCQ48: Crime is ‘normal’ in all societies because it helps to keep a society ________  Answer: orderly MCQ49: The three main categories of crimes are: ______________ ,______________ and________________ Answer: crimes against a person, crimes against property, and crimes against public order MCQ 50: Deviant acts as murder, assault, and rape are crimes against ____________ Answer: a person