PCR114 Question: ______________is an important component in conflict resolution in societies imbibed with norms and values Answer: Culture Question: ___________s­ystems are, to a large extent, products of climatic and environmental factors Answer: Pastoral­­­­­­­­­­­ Question: In pre-colonial times, pastoral societies tended to use _____as a panacea to manage conflict Answer: Migrations Question: Real ­­­­­­­­__________ policies mean that managers are available for discussions, for hearing ideas and complaints Answer: open door Question: _________can lead to separation, hostility, civil strife, terrorism and war Answer: Conflict Question: ___________is a behavioural process, not a game; in a good negotiation, everybody wins something. Answer: Negotiation Question: A clearly written agreement is the goal of _____________ Answer: Question: The Evolution of Conflict_____________, gives an in depth account of the evolution of conflict resolution as a field of study. Answer: Transmutation Question: __________conflict behaviour, on the other hand, would perpetuate itself and could result in destructive behaviour Answer: Competitive Question: ____________positional bargaining, yielded too much in a negotiation to the stronger party and similarly led to an undesirable outcome Answer: Soft Question: ________transformation is concerned primarily with changing the attitudes and perceptions of the parties to one another Answer: Conflict Question: ______________enemy images are a serious obstacle to conflict management, routinization, reduction, or resolution Answer: Embedded Question: _____________ model focuses on the antagonistic perceptions and feelings fuelled by frustrated needs of the conflicting parties. Answer: Transformative-based Question: Traditionally, _____were excluded from political decision making among the pastoral communities in Nigeria Answer: Women Question: Relationship conflicts occur because of the presence of strong negative __________ Answer: Misperceptions Question: The ___________ job is to move the parties off their initial positions toward settlement of disputes. Answer: mediator's Question: _______________refers to those misunderstandings in which we perceive that there is a conflict when there is none Answer: Pseudo Question: ___________ is the use of physical or emotional force, authority or pressure to oblige or constrain someone to act in a desired way Answer: Compelling Question: _____________express what is “good” or “bad”, “right” or “wrong”, “just” or “unjust”. Answer: Values Question: _________ is a process of co-labouring with others to resolve difficulties that are being experienced Answer: Collaborating Question: The conflict resolution process is a ______________event Answer: Painstaking Question: _____________may focus on training in conflict resolution, democracy, or living with diversity Answer: Education Question: __________are defined as a mental predisposition to act that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour Answer: Attitudes Question: ____________grabs hold when we give up control of our mind Answer: Frustration Question: ____________is "an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage Answer: Anger Question: ________________is the process of source attempting to change the attitude of a target group in conflicting environment Answer: Persuasion Question: _____________communication influences decision making Answer: Persuasive Question: Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome can lead to a wide range of ________problems Answer: Health Question: _____________________is similar to the ``boomerang belief,'' that what you throw out to others will come back to you eventually in life Answer: Faith in fairness Question: _____________goals and interests incompatibility is perhaps the most basic cause of social conflict. Answer: Perceived Question: _________differences and particularly language are sources of separateness and difference in a conflicting society.. Answer: Cultural Question: ________________is the stage the sub-groups begin to recognize the merits of working together and the infighting subsides. Answer: Norming Question: In a trust walk, the "_____________'' person does not determine the route of the walk Answer: Blinded Question: In a trust walk, the __________person must give clear, precise verbal instructions and must not hold on to or grab the "blinded'' person Answer: Sighted Question: ________building does not always have to be initiated from above or from the high and mighty Answer: Peace Question: The term "_____________" is applied in the study to denote communities whose main mode of production is the herding of livestock Answer: Pastoralism Question: The terms "_________" or "raid" are used interchangeably in the study to refer to armed attacks by one group on another for the purpose of stealing livestock Answer: Rustling Question: The term "___________" is used to denote "a dispute into which the threat of physical coercion (violence) has been introduced Answer: Conflict Question: According to Markakis, ethnicity is to some extent a factor in conflicts in the _______ Answer: Borderlands Question: ___________approaches of conflict resolution are an important component of the cultural heritage of African societies. Answer: Traditional Question: Loss of _________could lead to raids, which was one of the options of replenishing depleted herds Answer: Cattle Question: Among the__________, ties of kinship, marriage and friendship as well as cattle loans often bind neighbours Answer: Pastoralists Question: The ­­­­­­­­­_______and Pokot in Kenya are two ethnic groups that have been involved in ethnic clashes for over a decade Answer: Maasai Question: _________is a traditional mechanism of conflict resolution amongst the Banyarwanda of Uganda Answer: Agacaca Question: ____________mediators want to ensure that parties come to agreements based on information and understanding. Answer: Facilitative Question: Mediation usually proves less costly and time-consuming than litigation. True or False Answer: True Question: __________resolution by reconciliation is generally the method most appropriate in community development programs. Answer: Procedural Question: _____________involves adjustments and modifications with regard to the territories, values, goals, and/or policies of the involved parties Answer: Compromise Question: ____________involves compromise or capitulation. Answer: Resolution Question: ___________mediation is a process modelled on settlement conferences held by judges by pointing out the weaknesses of their cases Answer: Evaluative Question: ­­­­­­­­­­­­_________ estimates that bullying at work to be four times more common than sexual harassment. Answer: The International Labour Organisation Question: _____________ model changes the way in which children are educated to resolve conflicts and can play a major role in more conventional arenas of conflict resolution. Answer: The Rosenberg Question: One of the following model focuses on the antagonistic perceptions and feelings fuelled by frustrated needs of the conflicting parties. Answer: The transformative-based model Question: ________________is viewed rightly as a powerful tool for dealing with the perceptions and feelings that fuel conflict. Answer: Empathy Question: One of the most common forms of more complex harmful behaviour has been the______ Answer: workplace bullying Question: All the following are psychological antagonisms except Answer: Behaviouralism Question: __________defines conflict as “A struggle over values and claims to secure status, power and resources Answer: Lewis Coser Question: __________conflicts are caused by competition over perceived incompatible norms Answer: Interest Question: All the following are kinds of conflict except Answer: Analytical-Approach Conflict Question: ___________ adapt to a variety of situations and styles in order to achieve a compromise between competing factions in a conflict Answer: The Facilitator Question: ___________ is trying to change another’s point of view, way of thinking, feelings or ideas. Answer: Persuading Question: All the following are styles of managing conflict except Answer: Witness Question: style="text-align:left"> Which of the following is not a conflict management style? Answer: Dispute Question: All the following are various stages of conflict escalation except Answer: Aggression Question: Game and decision theory views negotiation as a form of _____________ Answer: Puzzle solving Question: _____________was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his advocacy of nonviolent opposition to apartheid in Southern Africa Answer: Desmond Tutu Question: Conflicts have different stages that include all the following except Answer: stabilisation Question: ________asserts that intervention is rarely successful unless it happens when the conflict is at the point of a mutually Hurting Stalemate Answer: William Zartman Question: Among the followings, one has attempts to combine conflict progression with different strategies of management and prevention Answer: Michael Lund Question: ___________are often considered the central component of attitudes. Answer: Evaluations Question: Effective control of ______________plays a vital role in ADR-oriented conflict resolution process Answer: Anger Question: Simple______________ tools, such as deep breathing and relaxing imagery, can help calm down angry feelings. Answer: Relaxation Question: _________comprises representatives of the district level team as well as relevant professionals from the community Answer: The regional resource group Question: All the following are steps to emotional preparedness except Answer: Controlling Question: ______________is a technique which helps parties systematically determine the scope of a conflict. Answer: Conflict mapping Question: __________is the next stage, when all Hell breaks loose and the leaders are lynched. Answer: Storming Question: ___________ must actively seek to understand what has been said and to ask for clarification if unsure. Answer: Listener Question: In any situation of conflict when taking __________it is important to note the appropriate steps to take Answer: Decisions Question: When was the National Centre for Children Exposed to Violence formed a Regional Resource Group in Connecticut? Answer: 1991 Question: ___________________gathers information about the history of the conflict and its physical and organizational settings Answer: Mapper Question: ______________is letting others know your feelings, emotions and reactions, and having the confidence in them to respect you and not to take advantage of you Answer: Trust Question: A _______________for honesty and fairness influences the trustee’s perception of the trustee’s integrity. Answer: Reputation Question: All the following are Conditions For Trust Between Organizations except Answer: Agreement Question: The term "___________" is used to denote a dispute into which the threat of physical coercion (violence) has been introduced Answer: Conflict Question: The phrase "________" refers to the termination of a conflict or dispute through the elimination of the underlying causes of the conflict Answer: conflict resolution Question: Burton (1990) affirms that culture is vital because it is a "__________". Answer: Satisfier Question: ____________approaches of conflict resolution are an important component of the cultural heritage of African societies. Answer: Traditional Question: Traditionally, raiding among pastoral societies includes all the following except Answer: Cross breeding Question: The adoption of ___________by some pastoral societies entailed the development of serious hostilities about grazing land among the various groups Answer: Transhumance Question: According to Dyson-Hudson " _______" is an essential component of pastoralists' strategy. Answer: Aggressive confrontation Question: In pre-colonial times, pastoral societies tended to use migrations as a panacea to manage all the following except Answer: Raiding Question: The ___________study of war focuses on attempts to explain armed conflicts as a universal feature of the human condition Answer: Anthropological Question: Feuds or collective actions using force or the threat of force are not synonymous with ___ Answer: Wars Question: The social structure of the _______________is largely based on generational lines and age-sets. Answer: Pastoral group Question: __________Culture emphasizes the resolving of conflicts amicably through elders, traditional leaders healing and reconciliation rituals. Answer: African Question: ______________is another symbol used by the Maasai and other groups like the Kalenjin to demonstrate peace in war times and ethnic tensions Answer: Grass Question: ___________ is a name given to people when they die in Tanzania Answer: Mahoka Question: Mediation is built upon all of the following concepts except Answer: Political Question: In the 1960's and 1970's, there was only one type of mediation being taught and practiced, which is now being called___ Answer: Facilitative Mediation Question: A clearly written agreement is the goal of _____________ Answer: Mediation