PCR113 The culture of ____________ entrenches social justice and intergroup harmony. *Peace* ____________ enables peoples’ behaviour, attitude and general perception of life is changed through the process of learning. *Education* ____________ is can only be in its positive construct when development and good governance thrive. *Peace* Since the rise of militarism, ____________ educators have been stigmatised, attacked for their anti- militaristic and non-patriotic stance. *Peace* Peace research has confirmed that war actually begins in the ____________ of men. *Minds* The Gulf ____________ brought a new impetus to peace education. *War* Conflict over mismanagement of public funds is an example of ____________ conflict. *Resource - based* ____________ can be productive when proactively addressed with the intent to effect positive change. *Conflict* Peacebuilding is a long-term peace and development process that has pre-conflict and ____________ dimensions. *post - conflict* ____________ is the diplomatic effort to end the violence between the conflicting parties. *Peacemaking* ____________ has to do with individual disposition based on sex. *Gender* Identity conflict is an example of ____________ based conflict. *Value* Prejudice and ____________ give people a false sense of social security *Racism* Studies show that in some cases____________ directly instruct their children concerning racism and other forms of discrimination. *Parents* ____________ can give children a sense of role models to emulate in society. *History* ____________ means struggle over values or resources between two parties. *Conflict* The two dimensions of conflict are positive and ____________ conflicts. *Negative* Leadership is a key factor in the quest at for sustainable ____________ in any given society. *Development* Civic ____________ teaches school children ideals and national values towards growing into responsible citizenship. *Education* In a democratic society, civic education lays emphasis on the right to vote and be ____________ for. *Voted* ____________ societies could be very difficult to nurture in a dictatorial society. *Civil* ____________ refers to people that fail to differentiate among individuals, peoples, and societies *Stereotype* ____________ implies placing the common good of society before parochial and personal interests. *Citizenship* ____________ responsibilities include taking care of oneself and fulfilling responsibilities to one’s family, friends, and neighbours. *Personal* The implementation of the human rights’ idea in continental Europe began from ____________ *France* The idea of equality among people, as a natural right to which all people are entitled was long entrenched in ancient ____________ philosophy over 2000 years ago. *Greek* Disarmament is a form of ____________ peace-building. *Post-conflict* Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 represented the last decisive breakthrough in inculcation of ____________ into national law *human rights* ____________ responsibility comprises the obligation to be honest, compassionate, tolerant, fair, trustworthy, respectful, open minded, and open to negotiation. *Civic* ____________ are innate rights that are equal for each and every person without discrimination. *Human rights* The right to life forms the spectrum of fundamental ____________ rights *Fundamental* John Locke considered life, freedom and property as being the unchanging natural ____________ of people. *Rights* Human rights violation refers to euphemism for the worst kind of crime that the ____________ can commit against its citizens. *State* ____________ and peace have come to dominate the experience of man over the ages. *War* In multi-track diplomacy, ____________ is track 1 in the process. *Government* ____________ has the tendency to escalate into violent proportion if not proactively managed. *Conflict* Identity conflict is a form of ____________ based conflict *Value* Since the end of the____________ War, global peace and security have been threatened more by intra-state than inter-state. *Cold* Someone who breaks the law and customs of the society could be tried the ____________ court. *Customary* ____________ is a Continuum, which if interrupted can result in confusion and conflict. *Peace* The idea of managing conflict through third party intervention is traced to the ancient ____________ *Greece* ____________ are the most regular peacemaking agents for the children in the home. *Parents* Balance of ____________ approach to managing inter-state conflicts especially between or among great powers is predicated on the belief that military might is the ultimate. *Power* Conflict can be in positive and ____________ dimensions. *Negative* Peace culture can be promoted and transmitted through peace ____________ *Education* Conflict within an individual is called ____________ conflict. *Intra-personal* ____________ education is form of education that undermines war and promotes non-violence. *Peace* Religious institutions and corporate business organisations are an aspect of ____________ diplomacy. *Track-two* Conflict between Nigeria and Cameroon over Bakassi Peninsula is an example of ____________ conflict. *International* ____________ is a process in which parties to a conflict attempt to reach an amicable agreement without third-party intervention. *Negotiation* _____ is a third-party intervention strategy that goes between conflicting parties to separate them from open confrontation Peacekeeping ____ is an expert on peace building who observed that it takes people relatively long time to get out of a conflict John Paul Lederach Which of the following is not an admirable element of peace? Avoidance The earliest education reformers who participated in peace education programmes in the 21st century were chiefly philosophers, ------ and clergyman, teachers A wider implementation of peace education programmes in Europe began shortly after ------------. World War II ___ is the key concept that promotes tolerance, co-habitation and collective development actions in a non-violent terrain. Culture of peace The integration of peace education and development became popular through the UN decade for____ Development Following the World Congress on Disarmament in the 1980s, peace education campaign was focused on the limitation of arms production and complete____ Disarmament __ can manifest in schools through teachers’ responses to students, the content of subjects taught and nature of social practice students are encouraged to imbibe in relation to their gender Gender bias During the 1990s, ------ deliberately emphasised on the promotion of synergy among intercultural education, human rights protection and education for tolerance peace education According to L. Vriens, Peace education is confronted with the following challenges except __ accountability of human progress The US Congress approved a law on equal right to education for boys and girls in the year ---- 1972 One of these is not among the elements identified by Michael Lund in conflict prevention. Technical withdrawal ------- is characterized by the absence of physical and structural violence. Sustainable peace Pollack’s analysis on gender holds that nurture and environment have considerable effect on the formation of ----- differences. gender Honey, Moeller, Brunner, Bennett, Clements, and Hawkins in their findings in 1998 established differences in the way the female child and male child view -----------. technological innovation Racism, xenophobia and prejudice____ peace-building and cultural integration. Impede Research shows that children as young as___ can identify people by whether they are black or white. two Which of the following variables is antithesis to inter-group harmony? nepotism ___can inspire dreams, stimulate pride in an individual and provide solid foundation for peace-building. History ______ has great influence on a child inclination towards racism and prejudice socialisation The role that the particular society allocates to the school and the specific form of teacher training determine the teacher’s____ and the pedagogical orientation. self-image One of these is not among the five types of skills that together represent quality criteria for good teachers. Geometric and quantitative skills Peace education programmes can be divided into the following broad groups except racial-oriented programmes Freedom scholars posit that ----- are fought for they are not part of individuals as free offer by the oppressed. human rights The first time in history a catalogue of human rights was formulated was the ------- in 1976. Virginia Bill of Rights Human Rights can be categorized into these dimensions except ------- Ethnic discrimination rights The primary responsibility of the United Nations organization is ___ preservation of world peace One of the following is not an instrument for managing peace vengeance One of the main tasks of ______ is to ensure equity in people’s access to essentials that guarantee survival. Social and economic rights A major threat to peace-building has to do with____ individualization and privatization of tensions and wars Which among the following is NOT a pre-conflict peace-building activity? Disarmament ____ does not promote peace culture in a heterogeneous society. Parochial worldview Track-two diplomacy involves both individuals and organizations from outside the ____ government ___is the bedrock of national progress, peace and development. Unity ___ has become a necessary element of societal development. education Which of the following is not an element of inter-group unity? Dominance _____ is not a component of track-two diplomacy in peace-building. The judiciary Which of the following elements does not promote a peaceful religious culture? fundamentalism One of these is not among the components of peace education Emotions Gender tolerance can be ensured through the following except ___ discrimination ___is golden and germane for development, stability and progress. Peace The revolution in information and communication technologies has promoted ------ and peace-building. peace education Peace-building targets all aspects of the state structure and requires a wide range of ____for proper implementation. Agents ____ is the core agent of peace-building within the spectrum of multi-track diplomacy. government At the international dimension of peace-building process, ____ plays a central role. The United Nations Many___ agreements in peace-building collapse because the ground below has not been prepared. top-down Former UN Secretary General___ introduced peace-building into the security and development framework of the UN, Boutros Boutros-Ghali ____argue that civil society and civic culture tend to frustrate change and progress toward a more just and equitable society. Marxists Civil society, civic culture, and social capital are all important for strengthening democracy and enabling ------ conflict resolution Designed by RayyanTech 29/11/2019, 08:44 - New TMA Agent Martins: _____is contextualised as a set of rules, conventions, customs and norms ruling the governmental process *Regime* free speech, free press, the right to assembly and association are referred to as __ *Civil rights* __is historically viewed as a major milestone in the development of civil liberties *The Magna Carta* The concept of __ makes the case that for citizens nothing is desired for its own sake, except pleasure. *Utilitarianism* __canvasses the position that the interest of individual rights should be the primary goal of the state *Civil society* __describes socially constructed roles, responsibilities, norms, expectations, and stereotypes accorded to men and women in the context of their citizenship status *Gendered citizenship* Two Treaties of Government was a major seminal contribution by __ to the concept of natural rights defining citizen rights *John Locke* _is a policy which seeks to offer equality to Nigerians irrespective of ethnic and religious differences to appointment into public offices and employment *Federal Character* __ is a political strategy by states to reserve their public services exclusively for their citizens, rather than foreigners *Statism* Conditions precedent for acquiring citizenship in any country are through_____ *Registration and naturalisation* Civil, political and economic resources available in a given state to individuals are___. *Entitlements of citizenship* Allegiance, tax and military service are widely seen as __ *Duties and responsibilities of citizenship* __is the type of liberty in which purposes are rationally determined *Positive liberty* ______is not a right or freedom applicable to citizens specified in the 1999 Nigerian Constitution *Right to evolution* ______specifies a set of requirements in a social contract stating rights and obligations owed by people to the state *Citizenship* Indirect form of coercion is mostly defined by __ *Propaganda and manipulation* Imprisonment, command and threat describes________ *Direct form of coercion* When a state engages in directly limiting citizens’ freedom by force it is engaged in______ *Coercion* __ is evidenced by protest, non-violence and public mobilisation *Civil disobedience* __by citizens in a political system is sometimes expressed by rebellion, revolt and revolution *Direct action* __also captures a situation where citizens insist they have the moral right to react where the state unjustly acts *Civil disobedience* Constitutional test cases, industrial strikes and self-immolation are classic examples of__ *Civil disobedience* __ is a type of political protest in which political dissenters can use their body or physical strength to change the course of government policy *Basic goods* __ allows a situation in a state whereby social and economic equalities, positions and offices are opened to all citizens *Basic goods* The principles of indivisibility and non-excludability are features of __ *Public goods* Primary responsibilities of a state such as defence from external aggression and maintenance of internal security are__________ *Primary public goods* __are benefits to citizens provided by the state such as security, roads, healthcare, education, social safety nets and other infrastructure *Public goods* ______encourages citizens to perform their obligations to the state when they see the state acting justly *Prima facie obligation* ____is another school of thought of morality which stresses that it is a matter of authentic personal choice and decisions for citizens *Individual ethics* A citizen’s obligations to the state is best captured by the principle of______ *Natural duties* __ is the quality attributed to human action and conformity to standards or rules and is able to motivate political obligation by citizens to the state *Morality* A classification of citizens duties in two categories are __ *Negative and positive natural duties* The legal imposition of obligation on the citizen to obey the laws of the state is ____ *Political obligation* _____refers to a grouping of non-state actors such as pressure groups and institutions promoting citizens’ rights and the rule of law *Civil society* __such as MEND, OPC and MEND optimise their political capacity based on ethnic cleavages *Ethnic militias* The sum of social organisations which interact within any given state is quantified as ___ *Society* A major political problem affecting the Nigerian state tied to fiscal federalism is the __. __places premium on norms and values on citizens’ rights and respect for the rule of law in a democratic system *Political culture* A major political development that altered the course of Nigeria’s political history in January 1966 was the ____ *January 1966 coup* A highly decentralised, segmentary lineage and republican indigenous political system is attributed to the___ *Igbo* Other socio-political groupings in pre-colonial Nigeria largely found in the North and South were categorised as______ *Centralised states* _____is a major principle of civil society that says that the stability of the state rest on the consent of the ruled, and not the rulers. *Social contract theory* Organic, liberal-democratic and Marxist theories are theories describing the emergence of the____ *Modern state* ____argues that the state is a coercive apparatus created to preserve the interests of the ruling class *Marxist theory* Three key characteristics –sovereignty, indivisibility and population are determinants of a___ *State* _____was the first and strongest bond of government in early society *Kingship* ______is an agreement by society and citizens creating some form of government to superintend over their affairs Social contract The political theorist ____argued that the major preoccupation of primitive society was individual self-preservation and that became a challenge to law and order *Hobbes* Another political theorist_____posited that in the state of nature, men were free and equal and lived according to their will *Locke* ___________is the process in a political system in which everyone completely surrender their rights to the community *Popular sovereignty* The absolute and perpetual power of the state in the exercise of power and authority is__ sovereignty That the state was established by an ordinance of God refers to __ Theory of Divine Origin ____proposes that the state is the result of the subjugation of the weaker by the stronger Theory of force ____holds that the primitive group had no common male head, and that kinship among them could be traced only through females Matriarchal theory _____conceptualised the state as coming into existence as a result of a natural evolution. Historical and Evolutionary theory In early society, the first and strongest bond of government was __ kingship ___ borders on the institution of political society by an agreement among the people ordaining some form of government to superintend over their affairs Social contract In the primitive natural state, self-preservation is the major preoccupation is a profound contribution by______ Hobbes Locke in his __________ claimed that in the state of nature men were free and equal and lived according to their liking Two Treaties of Government ______according to Rousseau, is one in which everyone completely surrender their rights to the community Popular sovereignty According to the __ ,the state is usually a coercive apparatus of the state applied to preserve the interests of the ruling class Marxist theory of state __ is not a feature of the state behaviour __ is not a theory describing the emergence of the modern state universal theory A principle of the __ is that civil society rests not on the consent of the ruler but of the ruled Social contract theory In pre-colonial Nigeria in the North and the West, the first socio-political groupings were referred to as __ the centralised states Post-independence Nigeria’s political direction was altered in the January 1966 coup led by __ Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu _____in a democracy is a reflection of the norms and values that place premium on citizens’ rights, freedom from abuse by the state and equality before the law. Political culture In re-orienting the Nigerian society through a process of civic education to embrace democratic culture the primary focus should be on the__ family A major problem affecting the Nigerian State is the politics of __ Revenue allocation __ is the sum of social organisations which interact within a state’s boundaries Society Relationship between the Nigerian State and Society is______along ethnic, religious and other fault lines segmented ______such as MASSOB, OPC and MEND derive their strength from ethnic cleavages Ethnic militias ______is the legal imposition of obligation on the citizen to obey the laws of the government Political obligation The principle of ____is a requirement to elicit a citizen’s obligation to the state Fairness Another key principle that defines a citizen’s obligation to the state is __ Principle of natural duties Citizens duties can be classified into two groups according to the postulation by Rawls as __ Negative and positive natural duties The __ school of thought makes morality a matter of authentic personal choice and decision for citizens Individual ethics __ is the variant of morality that says it is beyond the judgement of a single individual or citizen Trans individual-ethics __ becomes evident in a country when the state acts justly through its own laws to encourage citizens to perform their obligations to the state prima facie moral obligation __are fundamental benefits to the citizens such as security, roads, healthcare and other infrastructure provided by the state Public goods Defence from external aggression and maintenance of internal security are__ Primary public goods Socio-economic provisions and opportunities provided by the state such as shelter, employment, education and investment among others are __ Secondary public goods ______are features of public goods Indivisibility and non-excludability Unless a citizen can insist he/her has the moral right to disagree with his/her government anytime it acts unjustly then that moral right is degraded describes __ Civil disobedience _____ is a type of political protest in which the dissenter uses his or her own body as a lever to pry loose the policy of government Basic goods ______is not an example of civil disobedience Ideological cases All the under listed describe “direct action”, except---------- rendezvous The following are features of civil disobedience, except__ Diplomatic tool __ describes the direct limiting of freedom or liberty by force Concept of coercion In a sense, concept of liberty or freedom is__ To be free from restraint Direct forms of coercion can be found in this context, except______ normative Indirect form of coercion is best seen in____ Propaganda and manipulation In understanding liberty,-------is the absence of certain kinds of interference by others Negative liberty _____is liberty that is being motivated by purposes which are rationally determined Positive liberty ____describes a social contract valid for all in a political system based on a set of rights and obligations citizenship ____is a presumed tendency on the part of states to reserve their public services exclusively in the hands of its indigenes statism Conditions for acquiring citizenship in a country are through______ Registration and naturalisation Entitlements of citizenship include the following, except_____ Aquatic resources Duties and responsibilities of citizenship are best reflected in, except---- historical Politically autonomous communities were a feature of _______Nigeria Pre-colonial