FBQ1: Security is the protection of ________ and property of a person Answer: Life FBQ2: Traditionally, the state is the custodian and ultimate beneficiary of the monopoly use of _______ especially if we consider the intellectual view(s) of some theorists like Thomas Hobbes (1962), Max Weber etc. Answer: Violence FBQ3: ______ Hobbes (1962) argued that the essence of a state is to guarantee the security of lives and property and ensure law and order through its political sovereignty and monopoly of violence. Answer: Thomas FBQ4: A _______ means a plant, building, office, institution or any commercial or industrial structures and functions that are part of integrated operations. Answer: Faculty FBQ5: According to Small (2006:14) Privatized Military Companies (PMCs) and Private Security Companies (PSCs) represent the contemporary forms of private _______________. Answer: Security FBQ6: Schreier and Caparini (2005:2) define PSCs as ‘companies that specialize in providing security and protection of personnel and property including humanitarian and ________________ Answer: industrial assets FBQ7: PMCs are private companies that ________________, including combat operations strategies planning, intelligence collection, operational support, logistics, training, procurement and maintenance of arms and equipment (Schreier and Caparini, 2005:2). Answer: specialize in military skills FBQ8: A --------- is a person who takes part in an armed conflict or hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain Answer: Mercenary FBQ9: --------- is widely seen as the expansionist takeover of the present-day developing countries by the Western Market-Model in the course of which traditional cultures disappear, the systems associated with a capitalist market-economy and formal democracy are disseminated and the less developed economies are forcibly integrated into a world market dominated by the industrial countries. Answer: Globalization FBQ10: A common manifestation of empowerment is where a parliament or legislative body creates specific legislation giving the right to certain trained operatives, who have been employed for specific tasks, to engage in a particular state sponsored ----- or role. Answer: Task FBQ11: As_______________. moves more and more into private hands, the traditional legal powers that apply to ‘policing’ are becoming outdated Answer: Policing FBQ12: The powers and immunities of private ------ personnel are often unclear and inconsistent, dependent upon fine distinctions and differ remarkably from those of the public police even though they are often carrying out many of the same tasks. Answer: Security FBQ13: ______________ security is provided to clients for a fee, and except in special circumstances, has its jurisdiction limited to the property owned by the client. Answer: Private FBQ14: NSCDC means __________________________________________________ Answer: National Security and Civil Defence Corps FBQ15: Industrial security is rapidly becoming one of the _________ of private security Answer: most important aspects FBQ16: Private security includes measures taken by individuals, partnerships and corporations designed to protect their------ Answer: Interests FBQ17: Companies wishing to have private security without the costs associated with developing their own security unit will often choose to contract the services of an outside ----------- company. Answer: Security FBQ18: Private security firms also operate independently of the politics of the __________ company. Answer: Host FBQ19: Employees may feel that they can trust a security guard from outside the company, and therefore the employee may be more cooperative during investigations than they would be if internal ______________ were used. Answer: Agents FBQ20: The Organizational ---------describes the command structure and responsibilities of officers of a limited-service security firm. Answer: Chart FBQ21: --------- is Bedrock of the Administrative department Answer: Coordination FBQ22: The -------- resources department serves no customers, guard no post, and prepares no proposal, yet it plays a vital role in a security firm’s efficient operation. Answer: Human FBQ23: The human resources department’s effectiveness depends on its head’s ability to form effective working relationships with heads of ----------- Answer: other departments FBQ24: Values are the ______________, general concepts, central beliefs or ideas that provide a standard by which norms are judged. Answer: Abstract FBQ25: ______________to act is not a crime unless there is a duty to act; a mere moral duty to act would not suffice. Answer: Failure FBQ26: Typically, the -------- Staff in a limited-security firm includes principally Chairman and a team Answer: Supervisory FBQ27: The ---------- department carries core responsibility the of a security firm Answer: Operations FBQ28: Managing--------- is responsible for defining and interpreting the policies established by top management. Answer: Director FBQ29: As a general rule, specialization increases ________________ productivity and efficiency. Answer: Workers FBQ30: A crucial element of______________ management is coordinating the many specialized functions within and outside the firm so that the organization runs smoothly Answer: Security FBQ31: Signs of ----------- include workers’ loss of interest, lowered morale, increasing error rate, and reduction in service and product quality. Answer: Overspecialization FBQ32: ----------- is the process of distributing authority throughout an organization. Answer: Decentralization FBQ33: Centralization is the ___________. of decision-making authority by a high level manager. Answer: Retention FBQ34: ---------- of control refers to the number of people who report to one manager or supervisor Answer: Span FBQ35: Task certainty refers to the ______________ of a task. Answer: Predictability FBQ36: --------- tasks allow management to devise standard procedures for subordinates to follow, minimizing questions about the job and widening the span of control. Answer: Routine FBQ37: ------- supervision is called for when tasks are ambiguous and uncertainty is great. Answer: Close FBQ38: ----------- of activities within functional departments is easier than in more broad and complex organizations Answer: Coordination FBQ39: The ------- basic components of organizational structure include job specialization, departmentalization, patterns of authority, and span of control. Answer: Four FBQ40: Deviance relates to the ___________________of folkways and mores Answer: Violations FBQ41: ---------- for crime is therefore commonly harsher and more formalised than those for breakers of the folkways and mores Answer: Punishment FBQ42: According to Emile ---------- (1893), crime is as a result of a necessary consequence of the existence of a collectively supported morality Answer: Durkheim FBQ43: --------- can be seen as a necessary part of every social order because any social order needs a collectively supported morality Answer: Crime FBQ44: A violation of ----------- laws constitutes a violation of the collective conscience, since it is understood that a person who violates a society’s law invites society’s anger and must be disciplined. Answer: Criminal FBQ45: Emile Durkheim asserts that “an action does not shock the common conscience because it is --------- ; rather it is criminal because it shocks the common conscience. Answer: Criminal FBQ46: A violation of criminal law calls for ----------- Answer: Punishment FBQ47: A violation of a civil law requires compensation of the _________________by the offender Answer: Victim FBQ48: _________________ laws call for retribution Answer: Criminal FBQ49: --------- laws seek to restore parties to their status quo ante Answer: Civil FBQ50: ----------- may tantamount to an act as in treason, aiding or abetting. Answer: Words MCQ1: ______________to act is not a crime unless there is a duty to act; a mere moral duty to act would not suffice. Answer: Failure MCQ2: Social norms are concrete______________or ___________ that specify appropriate and inappropriate behaviour Answer: behavioural rules or guidelines MCQ3: Values are the ______________, general concepts, central beliefs or ideas that provide a standard by which norms are judged. Answer: abstract MCQ4: Sociologists see the __________ of social norms as the underlying cause of social problems Answer: breakdown MCQ5: This social disorganisation approach has the assumption that the society is a relatively persistent, stable structure, _______________, with every element having a function that helps maintain the system. Answer: well integrated MCQ6: If people deviate from the social norms and values, they create ”.___________________ to the social structure, and definitely, they should be labeled “criminals Answer: disharmony MCQ7: There are three elements of____________, Folkways, Mores and Law Answer: social norms MCQ8: Folkways are ________ ways of behaviour which are passed from one generation to another Answer: approved MCQ9: Folkways are the _______________ which involve in everyday conventional routines Answer: least important norms MCQ10: _______________ imposed on the violation of folkways are often relatively mild expressions of reprimand such as, frowns, throat- clearing or tongue clucking. Answer: Sanctions MCQ11: Sanctions are reactions that convey ____________or _____________of behaviour. Answer: approval or disapproval MCQ12: The violator undergoes a “culture shock” where he violates the expected social behaviours of ______________. Answer: defined roles MCQ13: The principal characteristics are that folkways are fairly ________________ sometimes called “conventions” which are passed down from the past. Answer: weak norms MCQ14: Mores are norms that are looked upon by the members of a society or a group within the same society as being ________________ and the violation of which will normally result in severe punishment from the society or group. Answer: extremely important MCQ15: Transgressors face the imposition of shame, _______________, and sometimes exile. Answer: ostracism MCQ16: Laws represent ______ norms that may derive from folkways or mores and are enacted by law-making bodies in response to new or newly recognised developments or needs. Answer: formalised MCQ17: When laws are not ____________ on norms shared by the majority, they are difficult to enforce Answer: firmly based MCQ18: Moral order (victimless crime) implies ______________ of law in which there are no readily apparent victim such as prostitution, gambling, vagrancy, purchasing illegal drugs like cannabis or marijuana; Answer: violation MCQ19: Property crimes are common crimes committed in _____________, including robbery, burglary and larceny, Answer: industrial societies MCQ20: Violent crimes involve ________________, include murder, manslaughter, infanticide, Assault, sexual Assault, Abduction and robbery. Answer: threat of violence MCQ21: Technically, ________________ is composed of the act itself and criminal intent Answer: crime MCQ22: Intent is a matter of degree, ranging from willful conduct to negligence in which a person does not deliberately set out to hurt anyone but acts (or fails to) in a manner that may reasonably be expected to_____________. Answer: cause harm MCQ23: According to Curzon (1973), criminal law is a branch of public law which deals with the ____________ between members of the public and the state. Answer: relationship MCQ24: The criminal laws are usually _________, by the political authority e.g. the national or state assembly. Answer: enacted MCQ25: Criminal laws are usually specific in regard to those behaviours that are termed as ________ and at the same time in which conditions such behaviour may not be regarded as crime. Answer: deviant MCQ26: Criminal law as an instrument of ________________, it is expected to apply to all persons irrespective of class, sex, ethnicity and religious or political affiliation. Answer: rule of law MCQ27: Any law that does not ________________. a punishment for its violation should not be regarded as a criminal law Answer: prescribe MCQ28: Members of all cultures develop mechanisms for internalisation – the social processes by which norms and values become thoroughly ______________ and are largely unquestioned as ways of thinking and acting “normally”. Answer: ingrained MCQ29: When ___________________.fails to produce the desired behaviour mechanisms/traits, “social control” comes in to enforce conformity Answer: socialisation MCQ30: Law is a term derived from the _______________, ‘lagu’ meaning to determine. There are, however, some variations in the definition of law. Answer: Anglo- Saxon word MCQ31: Vinogradoff defined law as ‘a set of rules __________and ___________ by a society with regard to the attribution and exercise of power over persons and things. Answer: imposed and enforced MCQ32: Pound defined law as a means of ‘social control through the _______________________, of the forces of politically organised society Answer: systematic application MCQ33: Austin defined it as ‘a rule laid down for the ________________ of individuals by the individuals with power over them Answer: guidance MCQ34: A criminal should be understood as a person who has _____________ the criminal law of the land and has been found guilty by a court of law and punished accordingly. Answer: violated MCQ35: Penology, as a major branch of criminology, deals with an important aspect of the _______________, that is, punishment, correction, prevention and control of crime Answer: criminal justice process MCQ36: ___________ can be defined legally as simply the infliction of pain or suffering or deprivation of something of value in relation to someone who has committed crime violated a rule, societal norms or regulations. Answer: Punishment MCQ37: Cesare Lombroso (1836 – 1909) is usually seen as the ___________________ of modern criminology. Answer: founder MCQ38: Cesare Lombroso is the founder of the positivist school of __________________. Answer: penal jurisprudence MCQ39: Born - criminals are the “atavists” or the genetic remnants of the _____________ which accounts for their inability to become law-abiding. Answer: primitive humanity MCQ40: Charles Goring (1972) explained that criminal behaviour is a result of _________________ Answer: mental inferiority MCQ41: Ernest Hooton (1939) argued that there exists a “criminal stock” in the _____________that cropped up from time to time. Answer: gene pool MCQ42: William Sheldon (1949) and Eleanor and Sheldon Glueck (1956) expressed the view that criminals could be distinguished from ______________on the basis of their physical factors Answer: non-criminals MCQ43: Criminaloids are _________________ citizens but who break the law under conditions which is beyond their control, implying that sociological and environmental determinants played a role in criminal behavior. Answer: law-abiding MCQ44: At mid-century, William Sheldon (1949) posited that body structure might _________________ Answer: predict criminality MCQ45: Glueck and Glueck (1950) confirmed Sheldon’s conclusion, but _____________ that a powerful build does not necessarily cause or even predict criminality Answer: cautioned MCQ46: According to Friedrich Engels, immorality is fostered in every possible way by the conditions of “____________life…” Answer: working class MCQ47: Crime of violence, property offences and drug crimes are the by-products of this economic ___________and ___________ and societies’ contradictions that are apparent in capitalism Answer: oppression and alienation MCQ48: Working class crime is an expression of “rebellion” against ____________ and against a system that used the legal system – including the law, the police, court and prison as weapon in the class war. Answer: inequality MCQ49: The Marxist approach believed that ___________________ will reduce crimes fundamentally as crimes are rooted in social inequality Answer: socialism MCQ50: The main proponents of the ________________are Vanden Haag and R. Bayer. Answer: neo-classical thought