PCR271 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question: In countries where militia or volunteer corps constitute the arm, or form part of it, they are included under the denomination______  Answer: Army Question: ________ crime can be defined or explained as violations by a country, its civilians, or its military personnel of the international laws of war.  Answer: War Question: Crime against peace includes the planning, preparation, or initiation of a War of _______________  Answer: Aggression   Question: Which year did he United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide  Answer: 948 Question: ___________conflict or war almost invariably leads to, and often encourages, torture, rape, and other extreme human rights abuses.  Answer: Violent Question: _____ of war are often expected to be vengeful because of their “traumatisation” or “brutalization” and to promote new “cycles of violence”  Answer: Victims Question: United States Committee for Refugee (USCR), reveal that at 1 January 1995, there were ______refugees on the continent, representing some 46.2 percent of the world’s refugee population.  Answer: 6.7 million Answer: 6.7 Question: ______usually robs people of what is rightfully theirs by taking or maintaining control of land, resources, possessions, political and systems.  Answer: War Question: The concept peacebuilding emerged in the international lexicon in the year_______________  Answer: 1992 Question:  Conflict ___________takes place at different levels and has a number of dimensions Answer: Transformation Question: _________________It is also an exercise geared towards influencing somebody or something. Answer: Negotiation Question: An ________________ as the name suggests is an examination of issues in order to establish facts that may be in dispute Answer: Enquiry Question: _____ Law requires the conscent and co-operation of states in its attempts to curb and constrain violence with an international dimension.  Answer: International Question: __________usually wage war against each other for the purpose of achieving a desired goal or objective.  Answer: States Question:  The word ‘Conflict’ is as old as __________ because it has been in existence in all spheres of human life since the inception of the whole world. Answer: Human Being Answer: human Question: Conflict between super ordinates and subordinates becomes more likely when charismatic leaders can mobilize resentments of____  Answer: Subordinates Question: A warrior was never to kill an enemy on the ground as that position meant admittance of inferiority in_____________  Answer: Senegal Question: African societies neither celebrated nor_________ war, but in a situation when war became inevitable, it was fought.  Answer: Encourage Question: _______Reorganization entails demobilization, disarmament, de-mining, reintegration of ex-combatants and creation of a new and unified armed forces. Answer: Military Question: The ___________________ conflict is the conflict that is generated with the organization, system or a society  Answer: Endogenous Question: The continent of Africa is still being ravaged by conflicts and wars resulting in large figure of refugees thereby creating ___________ crisis.  Answer: Humanitarian Question: Conflict involving ____ are the most difficult to understand and resolve because people could die for what they believe in  Answer: Values Question: The ________helps shape popular perceptions of the nature and scope of conflicts, as well as potential alternatives to conflict  Answer: Media Question: In contemporary African Societies, the new causes of war emerged from _______________ formation during the colonial era  Answer: State Question: Negotiation took place either on a neutral ground (at the third party’s place) or at the boundary of the warring or disputing ___________ Answer: Communities Question: _________is a situation whereby a group of people are determined and convinced to embark on an action aimed at changing their situation irrespective of the likely consequences.  Answer: Willingness Question: __focused on autocratic governments, which were pressumed to wage war against the wishes of peacefully inclined people. Answer: Liberal Question: _____________ attributed war not to the behaviour of states but to the structure of society. Answer: Marx Question: The __________ Convention relates to the treatment of prisoners-of-war (Geneva, 12 August 1949). Answer: Third Answer: 3rd Question: Competition may assume______dimension when the available resources is not evenly and judiciously distributed.  Answer: Destructive Question: Conflicts over______needs of individuals are conflict which cannot be seen but affect the psyche of the individual  Answer: Psychological Question: _____is an individual that constructs a message and then send to intended receiver  Answer: Sender Question: Lexically, Conflict means to_____________________  Answer: Strike   Question: ______________ is the transferring of a message to another party so that it can be understood and acted upon. Answer: Communication Question: ______________ is derived from the Latin word “confligere” meaning to “strike together”.  Answer: Conflict Question: As a basic social process, _______________ is the means by which people relate to each other.  Answer: Communication Question: _________ relate to coercive actions or measures taken by one state against another in the resolution of dispute between the states.  Answer: Reprisals Question: ____________is a state of open and declared hostile armed conflict between states or nations, or a period of such conflict.  Answer: War Question: ___is another coercive or forcible legal means of conflict resolution by which a nation may show its disapproval by way of retaliation for the discourteous act of another state  Answer: Retorsion Question: _________also means contradiction arising from differences in interests, ideas, ideologies, orientations, beliefs, perceptions and tendencies Answer: Conflict Question: Pacific____ may be employed to deter military aggression or to force an aggressor to withdraw its armed forces from a disputed territory. Answer: Blockade Question: conflicts over___________ are usually easy to identify because they can be seen and are also more potentially easy to resolve  Answer: Resources Question: The word or concept reprisals was known as “ _______________” among the Greeks  Answer: Andidepsia Question: War brings about termination of__________ relations and recognition of some treaties between the belligerent states  Answer: Diplomatic Question: _______is a decoded message that helps the sender to know if the message had been received and how it has been understood.  Answer: Feedback Answer: Feed Back Question: Weber sees conflict as highly contingent on the emergence of “__________leader” who could mobilize subordinates Answer: Charismatic Question: __________________creates fear, suspicion, intolerance, hate and enemy image syndrome Answer: War Question: Approximately, _____________million people may have been killed in more than 150 major armed conflicts since 1945  Answer: 28 Answer: Twenty eight Question: __________ of Hostilities consists of ceasefire between conflict/war stakeholders followed by peace agreement, separation of forces and ending of hostilities / war.  Answer: Cessation Question: The word genocide is a compound word or a hybrid consisting of the Greek genes meaning______ Answer: Race Question: The word ‘Conflict’ is as old as __________ because it has been in existence in all spheres of human life since the inception of the whole world.  Answer: Human being Question: The spirit of give and take and vice-visa should be encouraged in order to promote peaceful___________ in our immediate environment.  Answer: co-existence Question: Moderation and measured action and response, which informed deliberate limitations of level of violence in Answer: African conflict. Question: African societies neither celebrated nor_________ war, but in a situation when war became inevitable, it was fought. Answer: Encouraged Question: A warrior was never to kill an enemy on the ground as that position meant admittance of inferiority in_____________  Answer: Senegal Question: All the following are classified as nonbelligerent except  Answer: Peer Group Question: The theatre of war was often far away from _______of settlement in order to protect or prevent assault or attack on the non-belligerents. Answer: Village Question: Wars cannot be fought without______________ readiness. Answer: Pre-war Question: All the following are the prominent implements or weapons of war except   Answer: Space Question: Negotiation took place either on a neutral ground (at the third party’s place) or at the boundary of the warring or disputing ___________ Answer: Communities Question: In traditional African societies, there was nothing like _____________ cleansing Answer: Genocide or ethnic Question: modern day war comprises the combination of all the following except Answer: Coercion Question: __________ opines that the degree of inequality in the distribution of resources generates inherent conflicts of interest.  Answer: Karl Marx Question: Naval force or sea power comprises the following except Answer: Rocket Question: In ________________Africa, conflict prevention management and resolution was the duty of local authorities Answer: pre-colonial Question: __________ involves monitoring, observing and recording the trend of change and continuity in the conflict process  Answer: Conflict Tracking Question: The great development of international law witnessed between the ________ was a by product of growing interdependence of states Answer: 18th/19th century Question: The International Law Commission was established by the United Nation General Assembly in ______________ Answer: 1947 Question: According to Midgley, in ancient Greece, the natural law conception of self-defence was used interchangeably with private ____________  Answer: vengeance Question: As a basic social process, ___________ is the means by which people relate to each other. It is a human process.  Answer: Communication Question: _____________is a state of open and declared hostile armed conflict between states or nations, or a period of such conflict. Answer: War Question: Which among the following create enemy status and trading with the enemy and internment of enemy subjects?  Answer: State of war Question: Conflict also means contradiction arising from differences in ___________________  Answer: Interest Question: A particular theory which has reigned is that international law is nothing but a ____________  Answer: code of rules Question: Conflict is an inevitable _________________ in any interactive situation of human life. Answer: Phenomenon Question: Quicy Wright (1990:19) defines conflict as _______________ among social entities directed against one another Answer: Opposition Question: ______________theories centre upon man’s innate drives of which the analogies are drawn from animal behaviour Answer: Biological Question: __focused on autocratic governments, which were pressumed to wage war against the wishes of peacefully inclined people.  Answer: Liberal Question: The __________ Convention relates to the treatment of prisoners-of-war (Geneva, 12 August 1949).  Answer: Third Question: International law makes no use of the common law system of________________  Answer: stare decisis Question: A specific group of people with whom we wish to communicate with or pass information about something to Answer: Audience Question: Opinio juris sive necessitatis, MEANS Answer: opinion as to law or necessity Question: Conflicts over______ needs of individuals are conflict which cannot be seen but affect the psyche of the individual  Answer: Psychological Question: Competition may assume__________ dimension when the available resources is not evenly and judiciously distributed. Answer: Destructive Question: ___________________ occurs when two or more people are competing for inadequate resources Answer: conflict Question: __________________ is a Conflict between two or more individuals over an issue. Answer: Inter-personal Question: ____ is use to attack opponents, and “spread disinformation or misinformation” and “rally external and internal support.” Answer: Media Question: Treaty is the first major contemporary of source of international ___________ Answer: law Question: Among the following are inexhaustible things that cause conflicts, except Answer: Individual Question: The word ‘______’ covers a multitude of international agreements and contracts between states.  Answer: Treaty Question: Hoivik and Meijer (1994) see conflict as ______________behaviour between parties Answer: Incompatible Question: The word Conflict is derived from the Latin word “________________” meaning to “strike together” Answer: confligere Question: Conflict also means contradiction arising from differences in ___________________  Answer: Interest Question: The following can be seen as necessary for achieving an end in the society or for realization of social goals.  Answer: conflict Question: In_________, a disarmed enemy was not to be killed, but to be captured. Answer: Mali Question: In the _______________ war making several unsophisticated, less destructive arms and ammunitions were used  Answer: African traditional Question: Conflict involving ____ are the most difficult to understand and resolve because people could die for what they believe in  Answer: Values Question: International law and laws essentially came into existence either through __________  Answer: Treaties Question: When the _____________________ system in a society is tampered with there is bound to be conflict.  Answer: Information Question: conflict is ________________ and it keeps occurring in every individual life, either at home, at work, at social outings Answer: Inevitable